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Pyramid Mound
Pyramid Mound, designated 12k14, is a locally important archaeological site at the city of Vincennes in the southwestern part of the U.S. state of Indiana. Located on the city's edge, this substantial loess hill bears evidence of prehistoric occupation, and it is a landmark to the city's contemporary residents.
==Archaeological work==
A survey conducted by the Illinois State Museum in the early 1960s demonstrate that the region surrounding Vincennes was the homeland of a Mississippian group of people known as the Vincennes culture.〔Winters, Howard D. ''An Archaeological Survey of the Wabash Valley in Illinois''. Springfield: Illinois State Museum Society, 1963, 84.〕
Based upon the published results of the 1874 Smithsonian survey, an amateur antiquarian writing in the 1890s remarked on the relationship of Pyramid Mound to larger archaeological sites in the east central United States. Besides proposing that it was related to the large geometric earthworks that the Hopewell built in Ohio, he suggested that Pyramid and several other mounds near Vincennes marked the northeastern boundary of a confederacy that was centered at the Mississippian city of Cahokia near St. Louis, Missouri, although he appeared not to understand the substantial cultural differences between the two peoples of "Mound Builders."〔Peet, Stephen Denison. ''(The Mound Builders: Their Works and Relics )''. 2nd ed. Chicago: Office of the American Antiquarian, 1903, 264-265.〕 Two different histories of Vincennes and its vicinity, published in 1886 and 1911, regarded Pyramid Mound and the other nearby flat-topped mounds as evidence of prehistoric religious sites comparable to the pyramids of the Aztecs in Mexico City.〔''(History of Knox and Daviess County, Indiana: From the Earliest Time to the Present; with Biographical Sketches, Reminiscences, Notes, Etc.; Together with an Extended History of the Colonial Days of Vincennes, and Its Progress Down to the Formation of the State Government )''. Chicago: Goodspeed, 1886, 93.〕〔Greene, George E. ''(History of Old Vincennes and Knox County, Indiana )''. Vol. 1. Chicago: S.J. Clarke, 1911, 10.〕
Later archaeological work, conducted by professionals in the late twentieth century, has largely discounted earlier conclusions. Accounts published in the 1970s and 1998 concluded that Pyramid and comparable sites nearby were actually natural loess hills that Indians of the Woodland period chose to use as cemeteries.〔Stafford, C. Russell. "(The Geomorphology of Sugar Loaf Mound: Prehistoric Cemeteries and the Formation of Loess Cones in the Lower Wabash Valley )". ''Geoarchaeology: An International Journal'' 13.7 (1998): 649-672.〕 Contributing to this conclusion is the fact that these hills are consistently of similar sizes, composed of the same sorts of soil, located on the eastern edge of the Wabash River valley, and shaped to be in line with the prevailing winds. Consequently, although these hills are definitely shaped like artificial burial mounds and consistently called "mounds", they are not truly mounds of any sort.〔
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